In the Koran, Muhammad shows that he thinks our Earth is flat and the sky (heavens) is a ceiling, instead of being imaginary.
Flat Earth
There are a lot of examples of Muhammad showing in his Koran that he’s a Flat Earther with:
Koran 2:164
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and earth, and the alternation of the night and the day, and the [great] ships which sail through the sea with that which benefits people, and what Allah has sent down from the heavens of rain, giving life thereby to the earth after its lifelessness and dispersing therein every [kind of] moving creature, and [His] directing of the winds and the clouds controlled between the heaven and the earth are signs for a people who use reason.
Koran 2:164
Muhammad uses “heavens and earth” to refer to everything instead of “universe” or simply “all”, not knowing that space is three-dimensional and that we’re on our Earth, in space, in orbit around our Sun, orbiting our Milky Way galaxy, in our local cluster and in our universe, and perhaps more, as yet unknown. Muhammad didn’t know that night and day are local to the temperate and tropical latitudes, not necessarily at the Arctic and Antarctic circles, in summer and winter, and certainly not elsewhere in our Solar System. Muhammad thinks that the “heavens” are a place that is a source of water for rain and is ignorant of the water cycle when the sky is imaginary.
For more about where we are, see: Where are we?
For more, see Koran 2:164.
Koran 7:54
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
Indeed, your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and earth in six days and then established Himself above the Throne. He covers the night with the day, [another night] chasing it rapidly; and [He created] the sun, the moon, and the stars, subjected by His command. Unquestionably, His is the creation and the command; blessed is Allah, Lord of the worlds.
Koran 7:54
Muhammad uses “heavens and earth” to refer to everything instead of “universe” or simply “all”, not knowing that space is three-dimensional. Notice how Allah is too small with the title: “Lord of the worlds“. Think of the better titles: “Lord of the Universe” or “Lord of All”!
For more about the days of creation, see: Koran – 6 or 8 Days?
For more, see Koran 7:54.
Koran 13:3-4
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
13:3 And it is He who spread the earth and placed therein firmly set mountains and rivers; and from all of the fruits He made therein two mates; He causes the night to cover the day. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought.
4 And within the land are neighboring plots and gardens of grapevines and crops and palm trees, [growing] several from a root or otherwise, watered with one water; but We make some of them exceed others in [quality of] fruit. Indeed in that are signs for a people who reason.
Koran 13:3-4
The relevant phrases that show Muhammad was a Flat Earther are:
13:3 And it is He who spread the earth and placed therein firmly set mountains and rivers;
He causes the night to cover the day.
Excerpts, Koran 13:3
For more, see Koran 13:3-4.
Koran 13:16
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
Say, “Who is Lord of the heavens and earth?”
Say, “Allah.”
Say, “Have you then taken besides Him allies not possessing [even] for themselves any benefit or any harm?”
Say, “Is the blind equivalent to the seeing? Or is darkness equivalent to light? Or have they attributed to Allah partners who created like His creation so that the creation [of each] seemed similar to them?”
Say, “Allah is the Creator of all things, and He is the One, the Prevailing.”
Koran 13:16
Notice how Muhammad speaks: “Who is Lord of the heavens and earth?” and then later speaks: “Allah is the Creator of all things, and He is the One, the Prevailing.” See how close Muhammad was, to saying: “Allah is Lord of All.”? Obviously, Muhammad was NOT divinely guided, and so was a false prophet for a false god, Allah, for a false religion, Islam, without even a false book, the Koran.
For more, see Koran 13:16.
Koran 14:19-20
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
14:19 Have you not seen that Allah created the heavens and the earth in truth? If He wills, He can do away with you and produce a new creation. 20 And that is not difficult for Allah.
Koran 14:19-20
Again, Muhammad has Allah creating the “heavens and the earth” not knowing our Earth is a planet.
For more, see Koran 14:19-20.
Koran 14:33
And He subjected for you the sun and the moon, continuous [in orbit], and subjected for you the night and the day.
Koran 14:33
Notice how the translators have to help out Muhammad and Allah by adding in “[in orbit]”, hand-holding imaginary Allah and incompetent Muhammad.
For more, see Koran 14:32-34.
Koran 15:19-20
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
15:19 And the earth – We have spread it and cast therein firmly set mountains and caused to grow therein [something] of every well-balanced thing. 20 And We have made for you therein means of living and [for] those for whom you are not providers.
Koran 15:19-20
The relevant phrase that shows Muhammad was a Flat Earther is:
15:19 And the earth – We have spread it and cast therein firmly set mountains…
Excerpt, Koran 15:19
For more, see Koran 15:19-20.
Koran 16:12
And He has subjected for you the night and day and the sun and moon, and the stars are subjected by His command. Indeed in that are signs for a people who reason.
Koran 16:12
Muhammad lies, claiming that the night (shadow of Earth), day (Sun’s light), Sun, Moon and stars are subjected to us. None of us can command these, thus showing they’re not subjected to us.
But, Infidel, it’s to Muhammad! This means that Muhammad has become divine and with no power as the night, day, sun, moon and stars didn’t obey Muhammad’s commands. Thus, showing Allah and Muhammad are false.
For more, see Koran 16:12-13.
Koran 18:51
Muhammad is speaking as Allah here, forgetting about Jibril.
I did not make them witness to the creation of the heavens and the earth or to the creation of themselves, and I would not have taken the misguiders as assistants.
Koran 18:51
Again, “heavens and earth” shows the one-dimensional nature of Muhammad’s cosmology, instead of the 3D nature of the universe.
For more, see Koran 18:51.
Koran 20:53-55
This is Muhammad’s aside to the audience in repeating one of Muhammad’s many stories about Moses in his Koran, lying and boasting:
20:53 [It is He] who has made for you the earth as a bed [spread out] and inserted therein for you roadways and sent down from the sky, rain and produced thereby categories of various plants.
54 Eat [therefrom] and pasture your livestock. Indeed, in that are signs for those of intelligence.
55 From the earth We created you, and into it We will return you, and from it We will extract you another time.
Koran 20:53-55
The relevant phrase that shows Muhammad was a Flat Earther are:
[It is He] who has made for you the earth as a bed [spread out]…
Excerpt, Koran 20:53
For more, see Koran 20:9-98.
Koran 21:30 & Koran 21:33
21:30 Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and then We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe?
…
21:33 And it is He who created the night and the day and the sun and the moon; all [heavenly bodies] in an orbit are swimming.
Koran 21:30 & Koran 21:33
For more, see Koran 21:30-33.
Koran 21:104
This is Muhammad ranting about the last Day or end times:
The Day when We will fold the heaven like the folding of a [written] sheet for the records. As We began the first creation, We will repeat it. [That is] a promise binding upon Us. Indeed, We will do it.
Koran 21:104
The end times of Islam already happened long ago. Nothing unusual happened except Muhammad proving to be a false prophet.
This is about the “heaven” being a thing, like a ceiling or as Muhammad has it: “like the folding of a [written] sheet for the records.”
For more, see Koran 21:104.
Koran 23:17
Muhammad talks about the 7 heavens, which are about the 7 classical planets and their orbits and the pagan worship of the wandering stars.
And We have created above you seven layered heavens, and never have We been of [Our] creation unaware.
Koran 23:17
The flat earth reference is: “above you seven layered heavens”. There’s no above in space. Muhammad and Allah are unaware.
For more, see Koran 23:17.
Koran 27:59-64
Muhammad tells himself to say nonsense and lies:
27:59 Say, [O Muhammad], “Praise be to Allah, and peace upon His servants whom He has chosen. Is Allah better or what they associate with Him?”
60 [More precisely], is He [not best] who created the heavens and the earth and sent down for you rain from the sky, causing to grow thereby gardens of joyful beauty which you could not [otherwise] have grown the trees thereof? Is there a deity with Allah? [No], but they are a people who ascribe equals [to Him].
61 Is He [not best] who made the earth a stable ground and placed within it rivers and made for it firmly set mountains and placed between the two seas a barrier? Is there a deity with Allah? [No], but most of them do not know.
62 Is He [not best] who responds to the desperate one when he calls upon Him and removes evil and makes you inheritors of the earth? Is there a deity with Allah? Little do you remember.
63 Is He [not best] who guides you through the darknesses of the land and sea and who sends the winds as good tidings before His mercy? Is there a deity with Allah? High is Allah above whatever they associate with Him.
64 Is He [not best] who begins creation and then repeats it and who provides for you from the heaven and earth? Is there a deity with Allah? Say, “Produce your proof, if you should be truthful.”
Koran 27:59-64
The flat earther phrases are:
the heavens and the earth
sent down for you rain from the sky
made the earth a stable ground and placed within it rivers and made for it firmly set mountains
placed between the two seas a barrier
who provides for you from the heaven and earth
Excerpts, Koran 27:59-64
The “two seas a barrier”? That refers to the Two Seas of Muhammad, which is nonsense.
For more, see Koran 27:59-64.
Koran 31:29
Do you not see [i.e., know] that Allah causes the night to enter the day and causes the day to enter the night and has subjected the sun and the moon, each running [its course] for a specified term, and that Allah, of whatever you do, is Aware?
Koran 31:29
Notice the corrupt repetition with the corrupt variation below:
For more, see Koran 31:29-30.
Koran 35:13
He causes the night to enter the day, and He causes the day to enter the night and has subjected the sun and the moon – each running [its course] for a specified term. That is Allah, your Lord; to Him belongs sovereignty. And those whom you invoke other than Him do not possess [as much as] the membrane of a date seed.
Koran 35:13
Notice the corrupt repetition with the corrupt variation above.
For more, see Koran 35:13-14.
Koran 36:37-38
36:37 And a sign for them is the night.
We remove from it the [light of] day, so they are [left] in darkness.
38 And the sun runs [on course] toward its stopping point.
That is the determination of the Exalted in Might, the Knowing.
Koran 36:37-38
Muhammad is talking about the Night which he doesn’t know is the shadow of our Earth in our Sun’s light.
Then Muhammad talks about the stopping point of the Sun, which is nonsense.
For more, see Koran 36:33-40.
Sahih al-Bukhari 3199
Narrated Abu Dhar:
The Prophet asked me at sunset, “Do you know where the sun goes (at the time of sunset)?”
I replied, “Allah and His Apostle know better.”
He said, “It goes (i.e. travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and takes the permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted, and it will ask permission to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the west.
And that is the interpretation of the Statement of Allah: “And the sun Runs its fixed course For a term (decreed). that is The Decree of (Allah) The Exalted in Might, The All- Knowing.” (Koran 36:38)
Sahih al-Bukhari 3199
Naturally, our Sun, being a gigantic sphere of fusing hydrogen, doesn’t and can’t prostrate to imaginary Allah.
Notice how the hadith’s version of Koran 36:38 differs from the Sahih International version of Koran 36:38:
Koran 36:38
And the sun runs [on course] toward its stopping point.
That is the determination of the Exalted in Might, the Knowing.
Koran 36:38
Naturally, our Sun doesn’t have a stopping point.
Obviously, the Muslim translators differ on this verse, showing that the Koran (or hadith) can’t be translated accurately, so showing that the Koran can’t be Allah’s words as it’s false in either Sahih al-Bukhari 3199 or false in Koran 36:38 or, more likely, false in both.
For more, see Koran 36:33-40 and Quraysh Polytheism?
Koran 39:5
He created the heavens and earth in truth. He wraps the night over the day and wraps the day over the night and has subjected the sun and the moon, each running [its course] for a specified term. Unquestionably, He is the Exalted in Might, the Perpetual Forgiver.
Koran 39:5
Notice the “wraps” here, when Night is merely Earth’s shadow in the light of the Sun. Night and Day do not wrap over each other. Night is merely our Earth’s shadow in our Sun’s light.
For more, see Koran 39:5-6.
Koran 40:61-65
This Muhammad ranting about the creation, showing that Allah is not a creator with:
40:61 It is Allah who made for you the night that you may rest therein and the day giving sight. Indeed, Allah is the possessor of bounty for the people, but most of them are not grateful.
62 That is Allah, your Lord, Creator of all things; there is no deity except Him, so how are you deluded?
63 Thus were those [before you] deluded who were rejecting the signs of Allah.
64 It is Allah who made for you the earth a place of settlement and the sky a structure [i.e., ceiling] and formed you and perfected your forms and provided you with good things. That is Allah, your Lord; then blessed is Allah, Lord of the worlds.
65 He is the Ever-Living; there is no deity except Him, so call upon Him, [being] sincere to Him in religion. [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worlds.
Koran 40:61-65
The relevant phrases that show Muhammad was a Flat Earther are:
40:61 It is Allah who made for you the night that you may rest therein and the day giving sight.
64 It is Allah who made for you the earth a place of settlement and the sky a structure [i.e., ceiling] and formed you and perfected your forms and provided you with good things. That is Allah, your Lord; then blessed is Allah, Lord of the worlds.
Excerpts, Koran 40:61 and Koran 40:65
Night is merely the Earth’s shadow, not a special creation. Similarly for Day, that’s just our Sun’s constant light. The change of night, dawn, day, dusk back to night again, is simply our Earth’s rotation, out of Earth’s shadow, into the Sun’s light, and back again.
Notice especially that Muhammad thought the sky was a “structure” [ceiling] and not imaginary as it is.
For more, see Koran 40:61-65.
Koran 42:3-6
42:3 Thus has He revealed to you, [O Muḥammad], and to those before you – Allah, the Exalted in Might, the Wise.
4 To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth, and He is the Most High, the Most Great.
5 The heavens almost break from above them, and the angels exalt [Allah] with praise of their Lord and ask forgiveness for those on earth. Unquestionably, it is Allah who is the Forgiving, the Merciful.
6 And those who take as allies other than Him – Allah is [yet] Guardian over them; and you, [O Muḥammad], are not over them a manager.
Koran 42:3-6
The relevant phrases that show Muhammad was a Flat Earther are:
42:4 To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth, and He is the Most High, the Most Great.
5 The heavens almost break from above them, and the angels exalt [Allah] with praise of their Lord and ask forgiveness for those on earth.
Excerpts, Koran 42:3-6
Note the 1D representation of everything with “heavens” and “earth” and the physical structure of “heavens almost break from above them”.
For more, see Koran 42:3-6.
Koran 42:29
And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures. And He, for gathering them when He wills, is competent.
Koran 42:29
Note the one-dimensional representation of everything with “heavens” and “earth”, and then “what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures” – this shows that “heavens” is actually the sky, and Muhammad is referring to birds flying. No animals have been gathered by Allah. Muhammad was thinking of the gathering of the animals for Noah’s Ark, not by Allah, but by YHWH/GOD.
For more, see Koran 42:29-31.
Koran 43:9-14
This is Muhammad preaching to his scribe, not to an audience of the Quraysh, lying and boasting:
43:9 And if you should ask them, “Who has created the heavens and the earth?”
they would surely say, “They were created by the Exalted in Might, the Knowing,”
10 [The one] who has made for you the earth a bed and made for you upon it roads that you might be guided 11 And who sends down rain from the sky in measured amounts, and We revive thereby a dead land – thus will you be brought forth – 12 And who created the species, all of them, and has made for you of ships and animals those which you mount 13 That you may settle yourselves upon their backs and then remember the favor of your Lord when you have settled upon them and say, “Exalted is He who has subjected this to us, and we could not have [otherwise] subdued it. 14 And indeed we, to our Lord, will [surely] return.”
Koran 43:9-14
The relevant phrases that show Muhammad was a Flat Earther are:
43:9 And if you should ask them, “Who has created the heavens and the earth?”…
10 [The one] who has made for you the earth a bed…
Excerpts, Koran 43:9-10
For more, see Koran 43:9-14.
Koran 50:6-11
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
50:6 Have they not looked at the heaven above them – how We structured it and adorned it and [how] it has no rifts?
7 And the earth – We spread it out and cast therein firmly set mountains and made grow therein [something] of every beautiful kind, 8 Giving insight and a reminder for every servant who turns [to Allah].
9 And We have sent down blessed rain from the sky and made grow thereby gardens and grain from the harvest 10 And lofty palm trees having fruit arranged in layers – 11 As provision for the servants, and We have given life thereby to a dead land. Thus is the emergence [i.e., resurrection].
Koran 50:6-11
The relevant phrases that show Muhammad was a Flat Earther are:
50:6 Have they not looked at the heaven above them – how We structured it and adorned it and [how] it has no rifts?
7 And the earth – We spread it out and cast therein firmly set mountains…
9 And We have sent down blessed rain from the sky…
Excerpts, Koran 50:6-9
For more, see Koran 50:6-11.
Koran 51:47-51
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
51:47 And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander.
48 And the earth We have spread out, and excellent is the preparer.
49 And of all things We created two mates [i.e., counterparts]; perhaps you will remember.
50 So flee to Allah. Indeed, I am to you from Him a clear warner.
51 And do not make [as equal] with Allah another deity. Indeed, I am to you from Him a clear warner.
Koran 51:47-51
The relevant phrases that show Muhammad was a Flat Earther are:
51:47 And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander.
48 And the earth We have spread out, and excellent is the preparer.
Koran 51:47-48
For more, see Koran 51:47-51.
Koran 52:5 & Koran 52:9
52:5 And [by] the ceiling [i.e., heaven] raised high…
9 On the Day the heaven will sway with circular motion…
Koran 52:5, Koran 52:9
These verses confirm that the sky is literally a ceiling, a solid structure that will sway.
For more, see Koran 52:1-16.
Koran 79:27-33
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about Allah and his “creation”:
79:27 Are you a more difficult creation or is the heaven? Allah constructed it.
28 He raised its ceiling and proportioned it.
29 And He darkened its night and extracted its brightness.
30 And after that He spread the earth.
31 He extracted from it its water and its pasture, 32 And the mountains He set firmly 33 As provision for you and your grazing livestock.
Koran 79:27-33
This entire passage shows Muhammad claiming credit for gravity, natural forces and processes along with domestication, and claiming Allah did it. Muhammad also has Allah acting as a labourer, “raised its ceiling” and “spread the earth”, no “Be!” and it is.
For more, see Koran 79:27-33.
Koran 84:1-6 and Koran 84:16-19
This is Muhammad lying and boasting about his end times:
84:1 When the sky has split [open] 2 And has responded to its Lord and was obligated [to do so] 3 And when the earth has been extended 4 And has cast out that within it and relinquished [it] 5 And has responded to its Lord and was obligated [to do so] – 6 O mankind, indeed you are laboring toward your Lord with [great] exertion and will meet it.
16 So I swear by the twilight glow 17 And [by] the night and what it envelops 18 And [by] the moon when it becomes full 19 [That] you will surely experience state after state.
Koran 84:1-6 and Koran 84:16-19
In the last passage, Muhammad, the “I”, is swearing by dusk, night and the Moon, all creations supposedly by Allah, that a real god would never swear by. Muhammad does this as with Royal “We” to make himself seem grand, important and honest, when he’s actually lying. And what Muhammad is lying about, is a meaningless and nonsensical truism: “you will surely experience state after state.”
For more, see Koran 84.
Koran 88:17-24
This is Muhammad ranting rhetorical questions about Allah and his “creation”:
88:17 Then do they not look at the camels – how they are created?
18 And at the sky – how it is raised?
19 And at the mountains – how they are erected?
20 And at the earth – how it is spread out?
Koran 88:17-24
The relevant verses that show Muhammad was a flat Earther are:
88:18 And at the sky – how it is raised?
19 And at the mountains – how they are erected?
20 And at the earth – how it is spread out?
Koran 88:18-24
In answer to Muhammad’s rhetorical questions:
- the “sky” isn’t raised, it’s imaginary;
- the mountains aren’t erected – they’re bent up (and down) by plate tectonics and Muhammad leaves out volcanoes;
- the “earth” isn’t spread out, it’s condensed and compressed into an oblate spheroid by gravity.
For more, see Koran 88;
Koran 91:1-6
This is Muhammad swearing by the things Allah supposedly created, while forgetting this recitation, Muhammad’s Koran, is supposed to be the words of Allah, who has no need to swear by his merely temporary creation:
91:1 By the sun and its brightness
2 And [by] the moon when it follows it
3 And [by] the day when it displays it
4 And [by] the night when it covers it
5 And [by] the sky and He who constructed it
6 And [by] the earth and He who spread it
Koran 91:1-6
Notice that Muhammad has Allah having “spread” the flat earth and “constructed” the imaginary sky, while insisting that the Day is like the Night, instead of night merely being Earth’s constant shadow in our Sun’s constant light. And before that, Muhammad has our Moon following our Sun, nothing about our Moon orbiting us, and both our Earth and our Moon orbiting our Sun.
For more, see Koran 91.
Heaven and Earth
Muhammad repeatedly doesn’t name our Earth correctly. Instead, Muhammad just has “earth”. There are lots of places in the Koran where this happens, I’m sure I’ve missed lots. All these repetitions show that Muhammad was a flat Earther and didn’t recognise our Earth is round and is a planet like the other planets, in orbit around our Sun.
In Saudi Arabia, this cleric thinks that our Earth is flat, and that our Sun rotates around our Earth and he gets this from his Koran:
But, Infidel, he’s wrong! Here’s another opinion:
Round Earth
We live on a round Earth. Around us, on our Earth, orbits our Moon.
We landed on our Moon, in 1969:
Our Earth and our Moon orbit our Sun, in our Solar System. Other planets, gas giants, ice giants, dwarf planets, comets, asteroids and more also orbit our Sun.
It’s all quite messy and complicated and none of this is communicated by Muhammad and imaginary Allah at all. For more details on this, see: Where are we?
Now here’s how a real god could have communicated this design simply and easily to Muhammad, to the early Muslims and to the Quraysh or Nabateans, and then to all people:
My creation, all you humans, you live, for now, upon your Earth, one planet. Your Earth is round, like a ball. Around your planet, Earth, orbits one moon, your Moon. The word “orbit” is like what happens when you use a sling, whirling it around yourself, the sling stone is your Moon, and yourself as Earth, and the cord is the gravity holding your Moon to your Earth. Similarly, this one force, gravity, like the sling cord, holds both your Earth and your Moon in orbit around your Sun. Similarly for your planets, the wandering stars, they also are yours and orbit your Sun. Together, they all make your Solar System.
The day and the night are merely the constant light of your Sun and the constant shadow of your Earth, respectively. Your Earth rotates into your Sun’s light giving you the dawn and the day, and rotates away from your Sun’s light, giving you the dusk and night. This cycle of day and night repeats as life repeats it’s cycle upon Earth, with the exception of the poles, Arctic and Antarctic where the tilt of the Earth is used to produce the seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter in the polar and temperate latitudes and the Wet and Dry seasons in the tropics.
What is gravity? This is the unity of matter, that brings everything to oneness. Your muscles generally make you immune from gravity except if you choose to fall from a high place. Take a pebble, hold it up and let it fall. What makes the pebble fall? This is gravity, the oneness of matter, like your god, one. This is what keeps you attached to your one Earth and go around it.
Why aren’t you made dizzy by all this movement? It’s because of the scale of your Earth, Moon, Sun and Solar System that hides this from casual view and allows your children to grow up without being dizzy.
[And then of course a real god would be able to supply a visual display here]
A Real god
This verbal and written description only took me about an hour and you’ll notice names our Earth correctly. A real god could have easily done this in zero time having already done this ahead of time with omniscience and design ahead of creation.
Muhammad repeats himself repeatedly, showing he can’t remember what he said earlier. Logically, if Allah was more than imaginary, then only one description of our Earth, Moon, Sun, Solar System and the universe would be sufficient, not many corrupt repetitions with corrupt variations.
Thus, you know that Muhammad was a false prophet, for a false god, Allah, for a false religion, Islam, without even a false book, Koran.
Koran Contradiction 